Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower
The Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower, installed in March 1970 following the disastrous high water that struck Venice on November 4, 1966, is one of the main research facilities operated by the National Research Council.
Installed about 8 miles off the coast of Venice, in a stretch of sea having a depth of about 16 m (GPS 45.3142467 N, 12.5082483 E), it consists of a laboratory module and accommodations, as well as sophisticated distribution facilities. management and real-time data transfer from numerous measurement stations and sensors installed.
The Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower is also an important fixed point for periodic acquisition of water column samples and analysis of biological and chemical parameters.
The structure and scientific equipment of the platform have been progressively developed and updated in order to ensure an ever greater and better use of the infrastructure also by the numerous external, research or institutional bodies with which the CNR collaborates.
Equipped with the latest technology, it is among the very few existing fixed facilities in the world that are operational for scientific research in the open sea, allowing researchers and technicians to remain on board for extended periods during measurement campaigns and in all weather and sea conditions.
The permanent instrumentation includes complete meteorological and oceanographic stations whose data are both recorded on board and transmitted in real time to shore. Tide and wind data measured offshore are essential information for the correct operational forecasting of high water in Venice. The historical series of directional wave measurements, uninterrupted since 1979, represents one of the longest historical series available in the world. Its length, which now exceeds 40 years, makes it an extremely important study tool for understanding the processes taking place as a result of climate change. As the only permanent and mannable point at sea, it has provided sea truth for the calibration of instruments installed on artificial satellites such as the ERS-1 altimeter and the optical properties of the sea measured by SeaWiFS and OLTS. Wave measurement campaigns with on-board personnel and highly sophisticated instrumentation have helped to clarify unknown aspects of the dynamics of wave generation by the wind. This has led to a marked improvement in operational sea forecasting worldwide. Campaigns carried out on board include physical, chemical, and biological activities. The facility and its instrumentation, activities, research campaigns, measurements, and results obtained have enabled the National Research Council to produce numerous scientific publications and international patents.
Growing progressively over some 40 years of activity, in June 2016 the National Research Council initiated a major renovation to enable the continued operation of this important facility, a reference point for research involving marine science and oceanography, water health monitoring, and meteorology.
The complex operation has allowed the complete renovation of the upper part of the structure and the reinforcement of the supporting substructures, as well as the rationalization and enhancement of the technological systems supporting scientific activity, offering additional opportunities to all those already affected by the acquisition of data and measurements made by the platform, confirming the commitment of scientific research to the preservation of Venice and more generally of the marine environment.
The opportunity of the renovation of this important infrastructure at sea has allowed the restoration of the instrumentation and sensors necessary first and foremost for the maintenance of the long historical data series (e.g. Pomaro et al., 2018) and collaborations with entities such as the Tidal Forecasting and Reporting Center of the Municipality of Venice and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, and the planning of an upcoming increase in instrumental equipment.
The measurements acquired continuously by this infrastructure include some of the essential oceanic variables identified by the United Nations, a complete list of which is given below, highlighting in bold the measurements acquired at the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower in operational mode. Instead, those being implemented or planned in the near future are highlighted in bold italics, with the aim of contributing at the level of the most important international infrastructures to knowledge of the state of the oceans.
The availability of a fixed offshore infrastructure is not only relevant for the acquisition of measurements on an operational basis but also for the planning of experimental measurement campaigns for the study of meteo-oceanographic processes (physical, biogeochemical, etc.), by the international scientific community. This has also enabled the detailed study of events such as Storm Vaia of October 29, 2018 or the exceptional high water event of November 12, 2019.
For the past few years, webcams that can be accessed through the Institute of Marine Sciences website (www.ismar.cnr.it) and through the ISMAR Data smartphone application have also been installed on the platform.
The latter, in particular, in addition to providing access to real-time data by allowing users to view measurement trends related to the main meteorological, oceanographic and hydrological variables, through the “Analyze” function allows users to view the historical archive of measurement data collected for each of the available stations by defining time interval and variables of interest, thus allowing them to delve into aspects such as characteristic values, daily and stationary cycle and mutual interdependence.
The platform has enabled CNR-ISMAR researchers to develop two patents for observing the sea by applying stereo-photogrammetric techniques that combine computer vision and oceanography to estimate sea movements even from moving cameras.
The High Water Oceanographic Platform contributes to the European research infrastructures DANUBIUS-ESFRI, and JERICO-RI, LTER, EMBRC, as well as the NASA Aeronet monitoring network.
Papers:
Archetti, Renata, Agnese Paci, Sandro Carniel, and Davide Bonaldo. 2016. “Optimal Index Related to the Shoreline Dynamics during a Storm: The Case of Jesolo Beach.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16 (5): 1107–22. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1107-2016.
Bajo, Marco, Christian Ferrarin, Georg Umgiesser, Andrea Bonometto, and Elisa Coraci. 2023. “Modelling the Barotropic Sea Level in the Mediterranean Sea Using Data Assimilation.” Ocean Science 19 (3): 559–79. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-19-559-2023.
Banner, M.L. L., X. Barthelemy, F. Fedele, M. Allis, A. Benetazzo, F. Dias, and W.L. L. Peirson. 2014. “Linking Reduced Breaking Crest Speeds to Unsteady Nonlinear Water Wave Group Behavior.” Physical Review Letters 112 (11): 114502, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.114502.
Barbariol, Francesco, J.H.G.M Alves, Alvise Benetazzo, Filippo Bergamasco, L. Bertotti, Sandro Carniel, Luigi Cavaleri, et al. 2017. “Numerical Modeling of Space-Time Wave Extremes Using WAVEWATCH III.” Ocean Dynamics 67 (3–4): 535–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-016-1025-0.
Barbariol, Francesco, Alvise Benetazzo, Sandro Carniel, and Mauro Sclavo. 2013. “Improving the Assessment of Wave Energy Resources by Means of Coupled Wave-Ocean Numerical Modeling.” Renewable Energy 60 (December): 462–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.05.043.
Barbariol, Francesco, Francesco Marcello Falcieri, Carlotta Scotton, Alvise Benetazzo, Sandro Carniel, and Mauro Sclavo. 2016. “Wave Extreme Characterization Using Self-Organizing Maps.” Ocean Science 12 (2): 403–15. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-403-2016.
Barbariol, Francesco, Paolo Pezzutto, Silvio Davison, Luciana Bertotti, Luigi Cavaleri, Alvise Papa, Marco Favaro, Enrico Sambo, and Alvise Benetazzo. 2022. “Wind-Wave Forecasting in Enclosed Basins Using Statistically Downscaled Global Wind Forcing.” Frontiers in Marine Science 9 (September). https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1002786.
Bassani, C., C. Manzo, F. Braga, M. Bresciani, C. Giardino, and L. Alberotanza. 2015. “The Impact of the Microphysical Properties of Aerosol on the Atmospheric Correction of Hyperspectral Data in Coastal Waters.” Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8 (3): 1593–1604. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1593-2015.
Bastianini, M., L. Cavaleri, and T. La Rocca. 2012. “Brief Communication &Quot;An Extreme Meteorological Event at the ISMAR Oceanographic Tower&Quot;” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12 (2): 281–85. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-281-2012.
Bellafiore, Debora, Christian Ferrarin, Federica Braga, Luca Zaggia, Francesco Maicu, Giuliano Lorenzetti, Giorgia Manfè, Vittorio Brando, and Francesca De Pascalis. 2019. “Coastal Mixing in Multiple-Mouth Deltas: A Case Study in the Po Delta, Italy.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 226 (October): 106254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.106254.
Benetazzo, A., A. Bergamasco, D. Bonaldo, F.M. Falcieri, M. Sclavo, L. Langone, and S. Carniel. 2014. “Response of the Adriatic Sea to an Intense Cold Air Outbreak: Dense Water Dynamics and Wave-Induced Transport.” Progress in Oceanography 128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2014.08.015.
Benetazzo, A., S. Carniel, M. Sclavo, and Andrea Bergamasco. 2013. “Wave–Current Interaction: Effect on the Wave Field in a Semi-Enclosed Basin.” Ocean Modelling 70 (October): 152–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2012.12.009.
Benetazzo, A., F. Fedele, S. Carniel, A. Ricchi, E. Bucchignani, and M. Sclavo. 2012. “Wave Climate of the Adriatic Sea: A Future Scenario Simulation.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Science 12 (6): 2065–76. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2065-2012.
Benetazzo, A., F. Fedele, G. Gallego, P.-C. Shih, and A. Yezzi. 2012. “Offshore Stereo Measurements of Gravity Waves.” Coastal Engineering 64 (June): 127–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.01.007.
Benetazzo, Alvise, Fabrice Ardhuin, Filippo Bergamasco, Luigi Cavaleri, Pedro Veras, Michael Schwendeman, Mauro Sclavo, et al. 2017. “On the Shape and Likelihood of Oceanic Rogue Waves.” Scientific Reports 7: 8276 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-07704-9.
Benetazzo, Alvise, Francesco Barbariol, Filippo Bergamasco, Carniel Sandro, Mauro Sclavo, Jeseon Yoo, Luigi Cavaleri, et al. 2017. “Space-Time Extreme Wind Waves: Analysis and Prediction of Shape and Height.” Ocean Modelling 113: 201–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.03.010.
Benetazzo, Alvise, Francesco Barbariol, Filippo Bergamasco, Andrea Torsello, Sandro Carniel, and Mauro Sclavo. 2015. “Observation of Extreme Sea Waves in a Space-Time Ensemble.” Journal of Physical Oceanography 45 (9): 2261–75. https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-15-0017.1.
Benetazzo, Alvise, Francesco Barbariol, Paolo Pezzutto, Joanna Staneva, Arno Behrens, Silvio Davison, Filippo Bergamasco, Mauro Sclavo, and Luigi Cavaleri. 2021. “Towards a Unified Framework for Extreme Sea Waves from Spectral Models: Rationale and Applications.” Ocean Engineering 219 (January): 108263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108263.
Benetazzo, Alvise, Silvio Davison, Francesco Barbariol, Paola Mercogliano, Chiara Favaretto, and Mauro Sclavo. 2022. “Correction of ERA5 Wind for Regional Climate Projections of Sea Waves.” Water 14 (10): 1590. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14101590.
Benetazzo, Alvise, Francesco Serafino, Filippo Bergamasco, Giovanni Ludeno, Fabrice Ardhuin, Peter Sutherland, Mauro Sclavo, and Francesco Barbariol. 2018. “Stereo Imaging and X-Band Radar Wave Data Fusion: An Assessment.” Ocean Engineering 152 (March): 346–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2018.01.077.
Bergamasco, Filippo, Andrea Torsello, Mauro Sclavo, Francesco Barbariol, and Alvise Benetazzo. 2017. “WASS: An Open-Source Pipeline for 3D Stereo Reconstruction of Ocean Waves.” Computers & Geosciences 107 (October): 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2017.07.001.
Bertotti, L., P. Canestrelli, L. Cavaleri, F. Pastore, and L. Zampato. 2011. “The Henetus Wave Forecast System in the Adriatic Sea.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 11 (11): 2965–79. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2965-2011.
Bertotti, Luciana, Jean‐Raymond Bidlot, Roberto Buizza, Luigi Cavaleri, and Martin Janousek. 2011. “Deterministic and Ensemble‐based Prediction of Adriatic Sea Sirocco Storms Leading to ‘Acqua Alta’ in Venice.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 137 (659): 1446–66. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.861.
Bertotti, Luciana, and Luigi Cavaleri. 2011. “The Predictability of Meteo-Oceanographic Events.” Ocean Dynamics 61 (9): 1391–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-011-0433-4.
Bolaños, R., J.V. Tornfeldt Sørensen, A. Benetazzo, S. Carniel, and M. Sclavo. 2014. “Modelling Ocean Currents in the Northern Adriatic Sea.” Continental Shelf Research 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.03.009.
Bonaldo, D., F. Antonioli, R. Archetti, A. Bezzi, A. Correggiari, S. Davolio, G. De Falco, et al. 2019. “Integrating Multidisciplinary Instruments for Assessing Coastal Vulnerability to Erosion and Sea Level Rise: Lessons and Challenges from the Adriatic Sea, Italy.” Journal of Coastal Conservation 23 (1): 19–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-018-0633-x.
Bonaldo, D., A. Benetazzo, A. Bergamasco, F.M. Falcieri, S. Carniel, M. Aurighi, and M. Sclavo. 2014. “Sediment Transport Modifications Induced by Submerged Artificial Reef Systems: A Case Study for the Gulf of Venice.” Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 43 (1). https://doi.org/10.2478/s13545-014-0112-4.
Bonaldo, Davide, Edoardo Bucchignani, Angela Pomaro, Antonio Ricchi, Mauro Sclavo, and Sandro Carniel. 2020. “Wind Waves in the Adriatic Sea under a Severe Climate Change Scenario and Implications for the Coasts.” International Journal of Climatology 40 (12): 5389–5406. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6524.
Bracaglia, Marco, Rosalia Santoleri, Gianluca Volpe, Simone Colella, Mario Benincasa, and Vittorio Ernesto Brando. 2020. “A Virtual Geostationary Ocean Color Sensor to Analyze the Coastal Optical Variability.” Remote Sensing 12 (10): 1539. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12101539.
Bracaglia, Marco, Gianluca Volpe, Simone Colella, Rosalia Santoleri, Federica Braga, and Vittorio Ernesto Brando. 2019. “Using Overlapping VIIRS Scenes to Observe Short Term Variations in Particulate Matter in the Coastal Environment.” Remote Sensing of Environment 233 (November): 111367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111367.
Braga, Federica, Daniele Ciani, Simone Colella, Emanuele Organelli, Jaime Pitarch, Vittorio E. Brando, Mariano Bresciani, et al. 2022. “COVID-19 Lockdown Effects on a Coastal Marine Environment: Disentangling Perception versus Reality.” Science of The Total Environment 817 (April): 153002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153002.
Braga, Federica, Alice Fabbretto, Quinten Vanhellemont, Mariano Bresciani, Claudia Giardino, Gian Marco Scarpa, Giorgia Manfè, Javier Alonso Concha, and Vittorio Ernesto Brando. 2022. “Assessment of PRISMA Water Reflectance Using Autonomous Hyperspectral Radiometry.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 192 (October): 99–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2022.08.009.
Braga, Federica, Gian Marco Scarpa, Vittorio Ernesto Brando, Giorgia Manfè, and Luca Zaggia. 2020. “COVID-19 Lockdown Measures Reveal Human Impact on Water Transparency in the Venice Lagoon.” Science of The Total Environment 736 (September): 139612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139612.
Braga, Federica, Luca Zaggia, Debora Bellafiore, Mariano Bresciani, Claudia Giardino, Giuliano Lorenzetti, Francesco Maicu, et al. 2017. “Mapping Turbidity Patterns in the Po River Prodelta Using Multi-Temporal Landsat 8 Imagery.” Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 198 (November): 555–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.11.003.
Brando, V.E., F. Braga, L. Zaggia, C. Giardino, M. Bresciani, E. Matta, D. Bellafiore, et al. 2015. “High-Resolution Satellite Turbidity and Sea Surface Temperature Observations of River Plume Interactions during a Significant Flood Event.” Ocean Science 11 (6). https://doi.org/10.5194/os-11-909-2015.
Canu, Donata Melaku, Cosimo Solidoro, Georg Umgiesser, Andrea Cucco, and Christian Ferrarin. 2012. “Assessing Confinement in Coastal Lagoons.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 64 (11): 2391–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.08.007.
Carniel, S., A. Benetazzo, D. Bonaldo, F.M. Falcieri, M.M. Miglietta, A. Ricchi, and M. Sclavo. 2016. “Scratching beneath the Surface While Coupling Atmosphere, Ocean and Waves: Analysis of a Dense Water Formation Event.” Ocean Modelling 101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2016.03.007.
Cavaleri, L., S. Abdalla, A. Benetazzo, L. Bertotti, J.-R. Bidlot, Ø. Breivik, S. Carniel, et al. 2018. “Wave Modelling in Coastal and Inner Seas.” Progress in Oceanography 167 (October): 164–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2018.03.010.
Cavaleri, L., M. Bajo, F. Barbariol, M. Bastianini, A. Benetazzo, L. Bertotti, J. Chiggiato, et al. 2019. “The October 29, 2018 Storm in Northern Italy – An Exceptional Event and Its Modeling.” Progress in Oceanography 178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102178.
Cavaleri, L., F. Barbariol, M. Bastianini, A. Benetazzo, L. Bertotti, and A. Pomaro. 2021. “An Exceptionally High Wave at the CNR-ISMAR Oceanographic Tower in the Northern Adriatic Sea.” Scientific Data 8 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00825-x.
Cavaleri, L., L. Bertotti, R. Buizza, A. Buzzi, V. Masato, G. Umgiesser, and M. Zampieri. 2010. “Predictability of Extreme Meteo-Oceanographic Events in the Adriatic Sea.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 136 (647): 400–413. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.567.
Cavaleri, Luigi, Marco Bajo, Francesco Barbariol, Mauro Bastianini, Alvise Benetazzo, Luciana Bertotti, Jacopo Chiggiato, Christian Ferrarin, Fabio Trincardi, and Georg Umgiesser. 2020. “The 2019 Flooding of Venice and Its Implications for Future Predictions.” Oceanography 33 (1). https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2020.105.
Cavaleri, Luigi, Luciana Bertotti, Christian Ferrarin, Marcello Passaro, Paolo Pezzutto, and Angela Pomaro. 2021. “Synergic Use of Altimeter and Model Sea Level Data in Inner and Coastal Seas.” Remote Sensing of Environment 261 (August): 112500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112500.
Concha, Javier A., Marco Bracaglia, and Vittorio E. Brando. 2021. “Assessing the Influence of Different Validation Protocols on Ocean Colour Match-up Analyses.” Remote Sensing of Environment 259 (June): 112415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2021.112415.
Fedele, Francesco, Alvise Benetazzo, Guillermo Gallego, Ping-Chang Shih, Anthony Yezzi, Francesco Barbariol, and Fabrice Ardhuin. 2013. “Space–Time Measurements of Oceanic Sea States.” Ocean Modelling 70 (October): 103–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2013.01.001.
Fedele, Francesco, Guillermo Gallego, Anthony Yezzi, Alvise Benetazzo, Luigi Cavaleri, Mauro Sclavo, and Mauro Bastianini. 2012. “Euler Characteristics of Oceanic Sea States.” Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 82 (6): 1102–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2011.05.009.
Ferrarin, C., M. Ghezzo, G. Umgiesser, D. Tagliapietra, E. Camatti, L. Zaggia, and A. Sarretta. 2013. “Assessing Hydrological Effects of Human Interventions on Coastal Systems: Numerical Applications to the Venice Lagoon.” Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17 (5): 1733–48. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1733-2013.
Ferrarin, Christian, Marco Bajo, Alvise Benetazzo, Luigi Cavaleri, Jacopo Chiggiato, Silvio Davison, Silvio Davolio, Piero Lionello, Mirko Orlić, and Georg Umgiesser. 2021a. “Local and Large-Scale Controls of the Exceptional Venice Floods of November 2019.” Progress in Oceanography 197 (September). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102628.
———. 2021b. “Local and Large-Scale Controls of the Exceptional Venice Floods of November 2019.” Progress in Oceanography 197 (September): 102628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102628.
Ferrarin, Christian, Andrea Cucco, Georg Umgiesser, Debora Bellafiore, and Carl L. Amos. 2010. “Modelling Fluxes of Water and Sediment between Venice Lagoon and the Sea.” Continental Shelf Research 30 (8): 904–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.08.014.
Ferrarin, Christian, Silvio Davolio, Debora Bellafiore, Michol Ghezzo, Francesco Maicu, William Mc Kiver, Oxana Drofa, et al. 2019. “Cross-Scale Operational Oceanography in the Adriatic Sea.” Journal of Operational Oceanography 12 (2): 86–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1576275.
Ferrarin, Christian, Piero Lionello, Mirko Orlić, Fabio Raicich, and Gianfausto Salvadori. 2022. “Venice as a Paradigm of Coastal Flooding under Multiple Compound Drivers.” Scientific Reports 12 (1): 5754. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09652-5.
Ferrarin, Christian, Francesco Maicu, and Georg Umgiesser. 2017. “The Effect of Lagoons on Adriatic Sea Tidal Dynamics.” Ocean Modelling 119 (November): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2017.09.009.
Ferrarin, Christian, Alberto Tomasin, Marco Bajo, Antonio Petrizzo, and Georg Umgiesser. 2015. “Tidal Changes in a Heavily Modified Coastal Wetland.” Continental Shelf Research 101 (June): 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.04.002.
Ferrarin, Christian, Andrea Valentini, Martin Vodopivec, Dijana Klaric, Giovanni Massaro, Marco Bajo, Francesca De Pascalis, et al. 2020. “Integrated Sea Storm Management Strategy: The 29 October 2018 Event in the Adriatic Sea.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20 (1): 73–93. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-73-2020.
Gallego, Guillermo, Anthony Yezzi, Francesco Fedele, and Alvise Benetazzo. 2011. “A Variational Stereo Method for the Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Ocean Waves.” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 49 (11): 4445–57. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2011.2150230.
Giardino, Claudia, Mariano Bresciani, Federica Braga, Alice Fabbretto, Nicola Ghirardi, Monica Pepe, Marco Gianinetto, et al. 2020. “First Evaluation of PRISMA Level 1 Data for Water Applications.” Sensors 20 (16): 4553. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164553.
Guimarães, Pedro Veras, Fabrice Ardhuin, Filippo Bergamasco, Fabien Leckler, Jean-François Filipot, Jae-Seol Shim, Vladimir Dulov, and Alvise Benetazzo. 2020. “A Data Set of Sea Surface Stereo Images to Resolve Space-Time Wave Fields.” Scientific Data 7 (1): 145. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0492-9.
Lionello, P., L. Cavaleri, K.M. Nissen, C. Pino, F. Raicich, and U. Ulbrich. 2012. “Severe Marine Storms in the Northern Adriatic: Characteristics and Trends.” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 40–41 (January): 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2010.10.002.
Maicu, Francesco, Francesca De Pascalis, Christian Ferrarin, and Georg Umgiesser. 2018. “Hydrodynamics of the Po River‐Delta‐Sea System.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 123 (9): 6349–72. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JC013601.
Manzo, Ciro, Federica Braga, Luca Zaggia, Vittorio Ernesto Brando, Claudia Giardino, Mariano Bresciani, and Cristiana Bassani. 2018. “Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Prodelta Dynamics by Means of New Satellite Generation: The Case of Po River by Landsat-8 Data.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 66 (April): 210–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.012.
Marini, Simone, Lorenzo Corgnati, Carlo Mantovani, Mauro Bastianini, Ennio Ottaviani, Emanuela Fanelli, Jacopo Aguzzi, Annalisa Griffa, and Pierre-Marie Poulain. 2018. “Automated Estimate of Fish Abundance through the Autonomous Imaging Device GUARD1.” Measurement 126 (October): 72–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.05.035.
McKiver, W. J., G. Sannino, F. Braga, and D. Bellafiore. 2016. “Investigation of Model Capability in Capturing Vertical Hydrodynamic Coastal Processes: A Case Study in the North Adriatic Sea.” Ocean Science 12 (1): 51–69. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-12-51-2016.
Mihanović, H., I. Vilibić, S. Carniel, M. Tudor, A. Russo, A. Bergamasco, N. Bubić, et al. 2013. “Exceptional Dense Water Formation on the Adriatic Shelf in the Winter of 2012.” Ocean Science 9 (3): 561–72. https://doi.org/10.5194/os-9-561-2013.
Pellegrino, Andrea, Alice Fabbretto, Mariano Bresciani, Thainara Munhoz Alexandre de Lima, Federica Braga, Nima Pahlevan, Vittorio Ernesto Brando, Susanne Kratzer, Marco Gianinetto, and Claudia Giardino. 2023. “Assessing the Accuracy of PRISMA Standard Reflectance Products in Globally Distributed Aquatic Sites.” Remote Sensing 15 (8): 2163. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082163.
Petrizzo, Antonio, Andrea Barbanti, Giulia Barfucci, Mauro Bastianini, Ilaria Biagiotti, Sofia Bosi, Michele Centurelli, et al. 2023. “First Assessment of Underwater Sound Levels in the Northern Adriatic Sea at the Basin Scale.” Scientific Data 10 (1): 137. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02033-1.
Peureux, Charles, Alvise Benetazzo, and Fabrice Ardhuin. 2018. “Note on the Directional Properties of Meter-Scale Gravity Waves.” Ocean Science 14 (1): 41–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/os-2017-48.
Piazzola, J., N. Mihalopoulos, E. Canepa, G. Tedeschi, P. Prati, P. Zarmpas, M. Bastianini, T. Missamou, and L. Cavaleri. 2016. “Characterization of Aerosols above the Northern Adriatic Sea: Case Studies of Offshore and Onshore Wind Conditions.” Atmospheric Environment 132 (May): 153–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.044.
Pomaro, Angela, Luigi Cavaleri, and Piero Lionello. 2017. “Climatology and Trends of the Adriatic Sea Wind Waves: Analysis of a 37‐year Long Instrumental Data Set.” International Journal of Climatology 37 (12): 4237–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5066.
Pomaro, Angela, Luigi Cavaleri, Alvise Papa, and Piero Lionello. 2018. “39 Years of Directional Wave Recorded Data and Relative Problems, Climatological Implications and Use.” Scientific Data 5 (1). https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.139.
Ricchi, A., M.M. Miglietta, P.P. Falco, A. Benetazzo, D. Bonaldo, A. Bergamasco, M. Sclavo, and S. Carniel. 2016. “On the Use of a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave Model during an Extreme Cold Air Outbreak over the Adriatic Sea.” Atmospheric Research 172–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.12.023.
Schlumberger, Julius, Christian Ferrarin, Sebastiaan N. Jonkman, Manuel Andres Diaz Loaiza, Alessandro Antonini, and Sandra Fatorić. 2022. “Developing a Framework for the Assessment of Current and Future Flood Risk in Venice, Italy.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22 (7): 2381–2400. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-2381-2022.
Sclavo, Mauro, Alvise Benetazzo, Sandro Carniel, Andrea Bergamasco, and Francesco Marcello Falcieri. 2013. “Wave-Current Interaction Effect on Sediment Dispersal in a Shallow Semi-Enclosed Basin” 65: 1587–92. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI65-268.1.
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